Editing Final Report/Thesis 2018 (section)

==Introduction==
===Motivation===
During this project, a study was undertaken on an unsolved murder case. On December 1st, 1948, an unknown man was found deceased, on Somerton Beach in Adelaide [1]. From then on, he was labelled, ‘the Somerton Man’. There was no form of identification present on him, as well as little information surrounding his death. Therefore, the cause of his death is still unknown to this day [2]. Figure 1 shows the deceased man.
[[File: SFigure1.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Figure 1 The Somerton Man]]

A piece of paper with the words “Tamám Shud” printed on it, was found rolled up inside his trousers pocket, which can be seen in Figure 2. This statement can be translated from Persian to either “it is ended” or “it is finished”. This piece of paper was found to be part of a poetry book, the ‘Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam’ [3]. The theme of the book is that, one should live life to the full and have no regrets when it ends [4]. 
 
[[File:SFigure2.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Figure 2 The Scrap of Paper]]
The book is speculated to be related to the dead man, due to the parchment. Hence, the case being known as the Tamam Shud case. This has been considered, since the early stages of the police investigation, to be "one of Australia's most profound mysteries [6].”
Capital letters were found to be scribbled in the back cover of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, as seen in Figure 3. Thus, indicating that these letters are somewhat vital to the case at hand, as it is speculated that they may be a form of code or cipher.  
 
[[File:ZFigure3.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Figure 3 The Mysterious Code]]
The code consisted of five various lines of capital letters, with a total of fifty letters all together. The second and fourth lines are very similar in the way in which they appear. It is therefore, believed that the Somerton Man may have made an error with the encryption, when writing the second line, hence why it is struck out. It is unclear whether some of the letters are in fact an “M” or “W” [7]. For tasks referring to the code, it is assumed that the unclear letter is an “M”.
His body was found to be located near the Morphettville Racecourse, this leads to the belief, that the Somerton Man’s mysterious code are related to different horse names. It was also noted that the people who found the deceased body of the Somerton Man, were racehorse jockeys [2]. 
An Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) is used in this project to identify the various isotopes in various people’s hair. With the main concern of Strontium as, Adelaide has high levels in strontium in the soil compared to the rest of Australia.

===Previous Studies/Related Work===
==== Australian Department of Defence ====
In 1978, a request was sent by journalist Stuart Littlemore to the Department of Defence cryptographers to analyse the code. Unfortunately, the cryptographers were unable to crack the code, as they could not provide a satisfactory answer. It was stated that the code had “insufficient symbols” or a “disturbed mind” generated the meaningless code [8].

==== The University of Adelaide project groups ====
There have been several Honours project groups at the University of Adelaide that have undertaken this project. The previous work the project groups have done include: 
* Letter frequency analysis in different languages.
* Initial letter and sentence letter probabilities.
* The likelihood of the code being an initialism of a poem.
* Different cypher techniques.
* The design and implementation of a web crawler.
* 3D generated reconstruction bust of the Somerton Man.
Main conclusions that these project groups have come to are:
* It is unlikely that the mysterious code is created randomly.
* There is strong evidence to believe the mysterious code is most likely to be in English.
* It is not likely that the mysterious code are initialisms extracted from poems.
* The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam was not used as a straight substitution one-time pad for encryption.
* The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam was not created as a one-time pad for the mysterious code.
With these conclusions, this project will look into further detail of what the Mysterious Code is [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15].

==== Mass Spectrometer Pervious Work  ====
Previous years have also done study with Mass Spectrometer. The 2013 project group had some of Somerton Mans hair and plotted the different elements in the hair comparing with controlled samples. Analysis was conducted on different elements between the two samples. This was done using a glass slide, which have impurities in it [13]. In the 2016 project group, they recreated the analysis using a quartz slide, which does not have impurities. They concluded that Somerton Mans had some abnormally high readings, of some elements, one of which is strontium [15]. In this project, the strontium level will be looked in higher detail and this will be used to indicate how long the Somerton Man was in Adelaide before his death.

===Aims and Objectives===
The first task that will be done is to understand if the mysterious code are a collective object (horse names, Adelaide street names, Australian beaches, etc.). This will be done using hypothesis testing. An extension of this task will also be completed, which involves the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. 
The second task that will be performed is using a mass spectrometer. Controlled sample hairs will be compared with Somerton man’s hair, to see how long he was in Adelaide before his death, by finding different elements in the hair. 
The third task that will be accomplished is using DNA data. The data will be degraded using software tools till it becomes unidentifiable. This then can be used to see how much DNA we need from Somerton man, where further research can undergo.