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===Preparation=== ====Obtaining DNA data==== A DNA sample kit was ordered from an ancestry place called 23andMe. This is a privately held personal genomics and biotechnology company, which they use saliva to test your DNA [31]. The DNA sample was tested and the results were received. This can be seen in Figure 24. [[File:ZFigure28.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Figure 24. DNA results from 23andme]] Figure 24 show details of the DNA report. It can be seen that this person is 65.1% Eastern Europe, indicating at least one of their parents are European. Another useful information is the Maternal Haplogroup and the Paternal Haplogroup. A haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor but different SNPs [32]. The Maternal Haplogroup traces back to a single common ancestor, this can be used for both males and females, which in this case is H11. The Paternal Haplogroup use Y-chromosomes to define a specific set of shared mutation, this can only be used for males, as females do not have Y-chromosomes and can be seen is R-CTS11962.1. ====Raw Data==== 23andMe also provided the raw data of the DNA sample, this document was the basis of this task. Figure 25 shows a portion of the raw data. [[File:ZFigure29.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Figure 25. A segment of the raw data]] Each line in the raw data represents one single SNP. Removal of these SNPs will be done at random. The raw data has over 600,000 lines. ====DNA database==== After analysing and understanding the raw data, it was then imported into a DNA database website called ‘GEDmatch Genesis’ to compare with other DNA samples. A fraction of the original sample and how the database displays the results is show in Figure 26. [[File:ZFigure30.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Figure 26. Fraction of Gedmatch Genesis database results]] For privacy reasons the names and email address could not be display in the figure above. Each column in Figure 26 will be explained. ‘Kit’ represents different DNA samples from various individuals. A segment refers to a section or block of contiguous SNPs. A matching segment is a section that is the same between two people. ‘Largest Seg’ is the largest matching segment. ‘cM’ (Centimorgan) is a measure of genetic linkage, it is a measure of DNA information within a chromosome. ‘Gen’ provides a rough estimate of the number of generations between you match both share, where 3 indicates two candidates share the same great-grand parents, 4 indicates they share the same great great-grand parents etc. 'Overlap' is the number of positions that exist in common between both kits, without regard to whether they match or not. The amount of overlap, along with the largest cM amount, is usually a good indication of the relative quality of the match. Matches with low overlap are highlighted with a pink or red background, depending on the overlap value. ‘Date compared’ the date the DNA sample was processed into the database. ‘Testing company’ the location where the DNA sample was tested.
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