Final Report/Thesis 2015 - Revision history

A1673685 at 08:17, 3 November 2016

2016-11-03T08:17:01Z

A1673685: Undo revision 19503 by A1673685 (talk)

2016-11-03T08:15:01Z

Undo revision 19503 by A1673685 (talk)

A1673685 at 15:55, 2 November 2016

2016-11-02T15:55:54Z

A1673685 at 15:51, 2 November 2016

2016-11-02T15:51:52Z

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	===Data analysis===		===Data analysis===
	Hair data is recorded by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) and presented in the form of Excel tables. Matlab is used to plot figures which are used to show the elements comparison results clearly. It has some graphing capabilities and can be applied for making engineering plots.[3] In this project, the massive hair element data are plotted by Matlab command ‘scatter’. Then, use command ‘hold on’ to put the Somerton man’s and control samples hair data on the same figure and make the comparison clear.		Hair data is recorded by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) and presented in the form of Excel tables. Matlab is used to plot figures which are used to show the elements comparison results clearly. It has some graphing capabilities and can be applied for making engineering plots.[3] In this project, the massive hair element data are plotted by Matlab command ‘scatter’. Then, use command ‘hold on’ to put the Somerton man’s and control samples hair data on the same figure and make the comparison clear.
			==Task 1: Code Analysis==
	~~==Method - Specific Tasks==~~

	===Task 1: Code Analysis===
	There are mainly two aspects of tests in this project, the Direct Comparison Test and the 2-grams Comparison Test. Nine different languages are selected and tested, they are English, Italian, French, German, Portuguese, Latin, Spanish, Turkish and Polish.		There are mainly two aspects of tests in this project, the Direct Comparison Test and the 2-grams Comparison Test. Nine different languages are selected and tested, they are English, Italian, French, German, Portuguese, Latin, Spanish, Turkish and Polish.
	As this section may be too long and disturbing, here presents a simple chart for the navigation usage in Figure 6.		As this section may be too long and disturbing, here presents a simple chart for the navigation usage in Figure 6.

A1673685 at 15:51, 2 November 2016

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	As the previous chapter stated, this project is relating to an unsolved possible murder case which has been remaining in the public’s interest for almost 70 years. Just like Professor Derek Abbott, all the group members that have joined in this case must be extremely curious about the mysterious case. The desire of finding out the truth would be the most important motivation of undertaking this project. Another motivation comes from the ethical consideration. The victim has been resting in West Terrance Cemetery without a name for decades. It will be meaningful if the identity of the victim could be unveiled. This is also for the victim’s family whom lost their relative and probably had no idea about it. Even if the case has happened for decades, it is not been forgotten. The residents still would like to see the case solved. In addition, this project can expand the knowledge for data analysis, code cracking, engineering statistics and digital forensics. In fact, this dead man was suspected to be a foreign spy due to his unknown identity. So, it is meaningful for country security as well.		As the previous chapter stated, this project is relating to an unsolved possible murder case which has been remaining in the public’s interest for almost 70 years. Just like Professor Derek Abbott, all the group members that have joined in this case must be extremely curious about the mysterious case. The desire of finding out the truth would be the most important motivation of undertaking this project. Another motivation comes from the ethical consideration. The victim has been resting in West Terrance Cemetery without a name for decades. It will be meaningful if the identity of the victim could be unveiled. This is also for the victim’s family whom lost their relative and probably had no idea about it. Even if the case has happened for decades, it is not been forgotten. The residents still would like to see the case solved. In addition, this project can expand the knowledge for data analysis, code cracking, engineering statistics and digital forensics. In fact, this dead man was suspected to be a foreign spy due to his unknown identity. So, it is meaningful for country security as well.

	===Previous Studies/Related Work==		==Previous Studies/Related Work==
	==== Australian Department of Defence ====		==== Australian Department of Defence ====
	In response to the request from journalist Stuart Littlemore the Australian Department of Defence had worked on cracking the code left in the Tamám Shud case. Unfortunately after a time of working the cryptographers defined the code as unable to crack. The code was said to either “have insufficient symbols” or it was just a meaningless product generated under a “disturbed mind” [6].		In response to the request from journalist Stuart Littlemore the Australian Department of Defence had worked on cracking the code left in the Tamám Shud case. Unfortunately after a time of working the cryptographers defined the code as unable to crack. The code was said to either “have insufficient symbols” or it was just a meaningless product generated under a “disturbed mind” [6].
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	===Task 1: Code Analysis===		===Task 1: Code Analysis===
	~~== Tests ==~~
	There are mainly two aspects of tests in this project, the Direct Comparison Test and the 2-grams Comparison Test. Nine different languages are selected and tested, they are English, Italian, French, German, Portuguese, Latin, Spanish, Turkish and Polish.		There are mainly two aspects of tests in this project, the Direct Comparison Test and the 2-grams Comparison Test. Nine different languages are selected and tested, they are English, Italian, French, German, Portuguese, Latin, Spanish, Turkish and Polish.
	As this section may be too long and disturbing, here presents a simple chart for the navigation usage in Figure 6.		As this section may be too long and disturbing, here presents a simple chart for the navigation usage in Figure 6.

A1673685 at 15:44, 2 November 2016

2016-11-02T15:44:45Z

Show changes

A1628026: /* Technical Background */

2015-10-21T01:40:56Z

Technical Background

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:10, 21 October 2015
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	===P-Value Theorem Explanation===		===P-Value Theorem Explanation===
	The ''p-value'' is the probability of an effect equal to or greater than		The ''p-value'' is the probability of an effect equal to or greater than the one observed, presuming the null hypothesis of no effect is true. It is a measure of evidence against a null hypothesis <ref>B. David et al., “P Value and the Theory of Hypothesis Testing: An Explanation
	the one observed, presuming the null hypothesis of no effect is true. It is a measure of evidence against a null hypothesis.		for New Researchers,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, Vol.468 (3),
			pp.885-892 2010.</ref>.

	In statistics, the ''p-value'' is used for testing a statistical hypothesis by observing		In statistics, the ''p-value'' is used for testing a statistical hypothesis by observing
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	<ref>B. David et al., “P Value and the Theory of Hypothesis Testing: An Explanation		<ref>B. David et al., “P Value and the Theory of Hypothesis Testing: An Explanation
	for New Researchers,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, Vol.468 (3),		for New Researchers,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, Vol.468 (3),
	pp.885-892 2010.</ref>		pp.885-892 2010.</ref>.

	In this case, we make an assumption that English was not the language in the		In this case, we make an assumption that English was not the language in the
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	vertical coordinate is the probability density. The ''p-value'' is in the right side of		vertical coordinate is the probability density. The ''p-value'' is in the right side of
	observed data point, which is between the curve and horizontal coordinate <ref>No Author.p-value [online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pvalue#		observed data point, which is between the curve and horizontal coordinate <ref>No Author.p-value [online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pvalue#
	cite_note-nature506-1.</ref>		cite_note-nature506-1.</ref>.

	===Chi-Squared Test Explanation===		===Chi-Squared Test Explanation===
	The ''chi-squared test'' is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with expected data. It requires than there is no relationship between the observed data and expected data. It means the observed data should not affect the expected data and they are independent respectively. <ref> N Turner, “Chi-squared test” Journal of clinical nursing, Vol.9 (1), pp.93 2000. </ref>		The ''chi-squared test'' is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with expected data. It requires than there is no relationship between the observed data and expected data. It means the observed data should not affect the expected data and they are independent respectively. <ref> N Turner, “Chi-squared test” Journal of clinical nursing, Vol.9 (1), pp.93 2000. </ref>.

	The ''chi-squared test'' a ‘goodness of fit’ test, meaning it measures how closely one group of data is related to another. Since it is a non-parametric test, it doesn’t care about distribution of samples. It means there is no requirement that expected and observed data should follow a normal distribution <ref> N. Balakrishnan et al., Chi-squared Goodness of Fit Tests with Applications [online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/science/book/9780123971944 </ref>.		The ''chi-squared test'' a ‘goodness of fit’ test, meaning it measures how closely one group of data is related to another. Since it is a non-parametric test, it doesn’t care about distribution of samples. It means there is no requirement that expected and observed data should follow a normal distribution <ref> N. Balakrishnan et al., Chi-squared Goodness of Fit Tests with Applications [online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/science/book/9780123971944 </ref>.

A1628026: /* P-Value Theorem Explanation */

2015-10-21T01:32:21Z

P-Value Theorem Explanation

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:02, 21 October 2015
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	===P-Value Theorem Explanation===		===P-Value Theorem Explanation===
	The ''p-value'' is the probability ~~to obtain~~ an effect equal to or ~~more extreme~~ than		The ''p-value'' is the probability of an effect equal to or greater than
	the one observed, presuming the null hypothesis of no effect is true. It ~~gives~~		the one observed, presuming the null hypothesis of no effect is true. It is a measure of evidence against a null hypothesis.
	~~researchers~~ a measure ~~of the strength~~ of evidence against ~~the~~ null hypothesis.

	In statistics, the ''p-value'' is used for testing a statistical hypothesis by observing		In statistics, the ''p-value'' is used for testing a statistical hypothesis by observing

A1628026 at 00:34, 21 October 2015

2015-10-21T00:34:52Z

A1628026: /* Motivation */

2015-10-21T00:31:53Z

Motivation

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	===Motivation===		===Motivation===
	[[File:Somerton_Man_Code_Photo.png\|thumb\|200px\|right\|'''Fig. 1:''' Photograph of the letters making up the Somerton Man Code <ref>J. Fettes. (2013). Professor’s 15-year search for answers seeks to crack the secret code to the death of the ‘Somerton man’ found on an Adelaide Beach [online]. Available: http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/portrait-may- hold-key-to-somerton-man-beach-mystery/story-fni0ffnk-1226674957043</ref>]]		[[File:Somerton_Man_Code_Photo.png\|thumb\|200px\|right\|'''Fig. 1:''' Photograph of the letters making up the Somerton Man Code <ref>J. Fettes. (2013). Professor’s 15-year search for answers seeks to crack the secret code to the death of the ‘Somerton man’ found on an Adelaide Beach [online]. Available: http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/portrait-may- hold-key-to-somerton-man-beach-mystery/story-fni0ffnk-1226674957043</ref>]]
	On the 1st of December, 1948, ~~there~~ was ~~a dead body~~ found at Somerton Beach, South Australia <ref>The News. (1948, December 1). Dead Man Found Lying on Somerton Beach [online]. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/129897161</ref>. There was no evidence to show the man’s identification and the cause of death <ref>The News. (1948, December 1). Dead Man Found Lying on Somerton Beach [online]. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/129897161</ref>, however, there were 5 lines of capital letters, with the second line struck out, that were found on a scrap of paper in the dead man’s trouser pocket <ref>The Advertiser. (2005, March 9). Death riddle of a man with no name [online]. Available: http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/personal/dabbott/tamanshud/advertiser_mar2005.pdf</ref>. A photo of the paper containing the letters can be seen in Figure 1. It was later discovered that the scrap of paper was torn from a book known as the ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'' <ref>The Advertiser. (1949, June 9). Cryptic Note on Body [online]. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/36371152</ref>. These letters are considered vital to the case as it is speculated that they may be a code or cipher of some sort. As engineers, we have the ability to help investigators in solving the case. With that in mind, this project is being undertaken to attempt to decrypt the code in order to help solve the cold case.		On the 1st of December, 1948, the body of a man was found at Somerton Beach, South Australia <ref>The News. (1948, December 1). Dead Man Found Lying on Somerton Beach [online]. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/129897161</ref>. There was no evidence to show the man’s identification and the cause of death <ref>The News. (1948, December 1). Dead Man Found Lying on Somerton Beach [online]. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/129897161</ref>, however, there were 5 lines of capital letters, with the second line struck out, that were found on a scrap of paper in the dead man’s trouser pocket <ref>The Advertiser. (2005, March 9). Death riddle of a man with no name [online]. Available: http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/personal/dabbott/tamanshud/advertiser_mar2005.pdf</ref>. A photo of the paper containing the letters can be seen in Figure 1. It was later discovered that the scrap of paper was torn from a book known as the ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'' <ref>The Advertiser. (1949, June 9). Cryptic Note on Body [online]. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/36371152</ref>. These letters are considered vital to the case as it is speculated that they may be a code or cipher of some sort. As engineers, we have the ability to help investigators in solving the case. With that in mind, this project is being undertaken to attempt to decrypt the code in order to help solve the cold case.

	The South Australian Police stand to benefit from this project not only from the decoding technology developed for this case, but it also may be able to be applied to solve similar cases. Historians may be interested in gaining further historical information from this project since the case occurred during the heightened tension of the Cold War, and it is speculated that this case may be related in some way <ref>Hub Pages Author. (2014, August 30). The Body on the Beach: The Somerton Man - Taman Shud Case [online]. Available: http://brokenmeadows.hubpages.com/hub/The-Mystery-of-the-Somerton-Man-Taman-Shud-Case</ref>. Pathologists may also be interested as the cause of death may have been an unknown or undetectable poison <ref>Cleland. (1949). Coroner's Inquest [online]. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/130195091</ref>. This project stands to benefit the wider community as well as extended family of the unknown man to provide closure to the mysterious case. Professor Derek Abbot also stands to benefit as he has been working closely with honours project students for the past seven years in an attempt to decipher the Somerton Man code.		The South Australian Police stand to benefit from this project not only from the decoding technology developed for this case, but it also may be able to be applied to solve similar cases. Historians may be interested in gaining further historical information from this project since the case occurred during the heightened tension of the Cold War, and it is speculated that this case may be related in some way <ref>Hub Pages Author. (2014, August 30). The Body on the Beach: The Somerton Man - Taman Shud Case [online]. Available: http://brokenmeadows.hubpages.com/hub/The-Mystery-of-the-Somerton-Man-Taman-Shud-Case</ref>. Pathologists may also be interested as the cause of death may have been an unknown or undetectable poison <ref>Cleland. (1949). Coroner's Inquest [online]. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/130195091</ref>. This project stands to benefit the wider community as well as extended family of the unknown man to provide closure to the mysterious case. Professor Derek Abbot also stands to benefit as he has been working closely with honours project students for the past seven years in an attempt to decipher the Somerton Man code.

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	==Task 2 Mass Spectrometer isotope Data Analysis==		===Task 2 Mass Spectrometer isotope Data Analysis===
	===Relative research===		===Relative research===
	1.Hair elements		1.Hair elements
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	2.The relation between living environment and hair elements		2.The relation between living environment and hair elements
	The living environment can affect the content level of elements in human body. This effect not only caused by polluted water and food, but through the injury and radiation. Trace elements values in hair can reflect the source of behaviors including the diet hobbies, smoking and medication. Human absorbs pollution source by different ways such as oral, breath, injection and radiation. These contaminants stored in different body organs and tissues can affect human health. Hair is a good indicator of environment change. Normally, it shows the variation of trace element in human body as the hair growth.		The living environment can affect the content level of elements in human body. This effect not only caused by polluted water and food, but through the injury and radiation. Trace elements values in hair can reflect the source of behaviors including the diet hobbies, smoking and medication. Human absorbs pollution source by different ways such as oral, breath, injection and radiation. These contaminants stored in different body organs and tissues can affect human health. Hair is a good indicator of environment change. Normally, it shows the variation of trace element in human body as the hair growth.
	=== Glass test data analysis ===		== Glass test data analysis ==
	==== Data screening ====		=== Data screening ===
	The hair data was recorded by mass spectrometer and the data was got from glass test. There are 44 elements gained by laser ablation (shown in Table 1). Three of these elements are needed to be mentioned. The first one is sulphur (S7) which must exist in human’s hair. The value of Sulfer can be refered to the drift value of the environment. The second one is lead (Pb206), the high level of Lead is harmful for human health. The third one is strontium (Sr88). This element has high percentage in Adelaide’s soil compared with other areas. So, the analysis of the change tendency of Strontium’s value will provide useful information about Somerton man’s living environment before his death.		The hair data was recorded by mass spectrometer and the data was got from glass test. There are 44 elements gained by laser ablation (shown in Table 1). Three of these elements are needed to be mentioned. The first one is sulphur (S7) which must exist in human’s hair. The value of Sulfer can be refered to the drift value of the environment. The second one is lead (Pb206), the high level of Lead is harmful for human health. The third one is strontium (Sr88). This element has high percentage in Adelaide’s soil compared with other areas. So, the analysis of the change tendency of Strontium’s value will provide useful information about Somerton man’s living environment before his death.
	Table 1 Elements table for glass test		Table 1 Elements table for glass test

	[[File:code1.jpg\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 1 Elements table for glass test]]		[[File:code1.jpg\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 1 Elements table for glass test]]
	==== Element classification ====		=== Element classification ===
	Some recorded hair data contains toxic and heavy mental elements which are harmful for human health in high values. However, most are essential elements for human body. Table 2 shows the toxic elements and essential elements in hair. The comparison of toxic elements content in hair is an important research subject.		Some recorded hair data contains toxic and heavy mental elements which are harmful for human health in high values. However, most are essential elements for human body. Table 2 shows the toxic elements and essential elements in hair. The comparison of toxic elements content in hair is an important research subject.
	Table 2 the Different Type Elements of Hair		Table 2 the Different Type Elements of Hair
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	Table 3 The different Elements of Glass and Quartz		Table 3 The different Elements of Glass and Quartz
	[[File:somertontable3.png\|center\|Table 3 The different Elements of Glass and Quartz]]		[[File:somertontable3.png\|center\|Table 3 The different Elements of Glass and Quartz]]
	==== Element content comparison ====		=== Element content comparison ===
	In order to speculate the cause of death and living environment, the Somerton man hair data should be compared with control samples. In this experiment, six normal people’s hairs are selected as control samples. Then, the mass hair data is disposed by software for a visual comparison.		In order to speculate the cause of death and living environment, the Somerton man hair data should be compared with control samples. In this experiment, six normal people’s hairs are selected as control samples. Then, the mass hair data is disposed by software for a visual comparison.
	Excel		==== Excel ====
	At first, the hair data of Somerton man was plotted by Excel (shown in Figure 1). The X axis demonstrates the scan time of mass spectrometer. The Y axis demonstrates the relative value of elements content.		At first, the hair data of Somerton man was plotted by Excel (shown in Figure 1). The X axis demonstrates the scan time of mass spectrometer. The Y axis demonstrates the relative value of elements content.
	Figure 1 Somerton man’s hair data		Figure 1 Somerton man’s hair data
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	However, only 28 elements were shown on the chart. Some data was missing due to the shortage of Excel. Besides, most elements are not clear except sodium (Na23). Some traces are out of range and not obvious, such as the elements located on the bottom of this chart. So, these troubles result in the difficulties of contrast.		However, only 28 elements were shown on the chart. Some data was missing due to the shortage of Excel. Besides, most elements are not clear except sodium (Na23). Some traces are out of range and not obvious, such as the elements located on the bottom of this chart. So, these troubles result in the difficulties of contrast.
	The control samples hair data plotted by Excel (shown on appendix A) as well. Unfortunately, they all have the shortages as the Somerton man’s data chart.		The control samples hair data plotted by Excel (shown on appendix A) as well. Unfortunately, they all have the shortages as the Somerton man’s data chart.
	Matlab		==== Matlab ====
	In order to solve these problems, Matlab can be used to plot each element’s content distribution. 44 elements comparison figures have been plotted and shown on appendix A. Some comparison figures of element value display the results clearly. However, some figures have difficulties to find the tendency. The elements figures’ classification is shown on table 4.		In order to solve these problems, Matlab can be used to plot each element’s content distribution. 44 elements comparison figures have been plotted and shown on appendix A. Some comparison figures of element value display the results clearly. However, some figures have difficulties to find the tendency. The elements figures’ classification is shown on table 4.
	Table 4 Classify elements by comparison results		Table 4 Classify elements by comparison results
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	[[File:code8.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure 4 Strontium (Sr88) Value Comparison]]		[[File:code8.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure 4 Strontium (Sr88) Value Comparison]]
	The X axis demonstrates the scan time of mass spectrometer. The Y axis demonstrates the relative value of strontium content. Strontium exists in mineral water. It is an essential element for human. This element can prevent hardening of the arteries. At the root of Somerton man hair, the content of strontium is significant high. This means the living area for Somerton man contains high level of strontium content before his death. In addition, the strontium value shows an increasing tendency in his last two weeks. However, strontium is not a toxic element and the increasing tendency is not the cause for the death of Somerton man. Reasonable inference is that the Somerton man changes living environment two weeks before the death and this is the same with the speculation for lead content change.		The X axis demonstrates the scan time of mass spectrometer. The Y axis demonstrates the relative value of strontium content. Strontium exists in mineral water. It is an essential element for human. This element can prevent hardening of the arteries. At the root of Somerton man hair, the content of strontium is significant high. This means the living area for Somerton man contains high level of strontium content before his death. In addition, the strontium value shows an increasing tendency in his last two weeks. However, strontium is not a toxic element and the increasing tendency is not the cause for the death of Somerton man. Reasonable inference is that the Somerton man changes living environment two weeks before the death and this is the same with the speculation for lead content change.
	Moving-average Filter in Matlab		==== Moving-average Filter in Matlab ====
	Some comparison figures cannot be shown clearly by Matlab plotting. Thus, the Moving-average Filter should be applied. Firstly, selecting a window size for Filter. Then, calculating the arithmetic average of outliers within the window and make the average of the demand as outlier’s window centre point. After that, moving the window as window size and the average method is repeated until this process is complete. This method has a good inhibitory effect on periodic disturbance and makes the figure smoother. It is suitable for high frequency oscillation system.		Some comparison figures cannot be shown clearly by Matlab plotting. Thus, the Moving-average Filter should be applied. Firstly, selecting a window size for Filter. Then, calculating the arithmetic average of outliers within the window and make the average of the demand as outlier’s window centre point. After that, moving the window as window size and the average method is repeated until this process is complete. This method has a good inhibitory effect on periodic disturbance and makes the figure smoother. It is suitable for high frequency oscillation system.
	All of the elements content figures have been plotted by using moving-average filter and shown on appendix B. After using moving-average filter, the comparison figures have some new founds, such that more similar tendency elements are found and some clear comparison figures have been shown. The details are shown on table 5.		All of the elements content figures have been plotted by using moving-average filter and shown on appendix B. After using moving-average filter, the comparison figures have some new founds, such that more similar tendency elements are found and some clear comparison figures have been shown. The details are shown on table 5.
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	[[File:code12.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure7 Arsenic (As75) Value Comparison ]]		[[File:code12.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure7 Arsenic (As75) Value Comparison ]]
	Arsenic content level in Somerton man is increasing during the last two week. At the tip of Somerton hair, the arsenic content is similar with control samples. That means this content level is not harmful for human. Besides, the living area of Somerton can be assumed as same as control samples. However, the arsenic level is significant high at his last few days and the arsenic can be used for making toxicant. So, changing living area or being poisoned should be considered. This comparison figure can be regarded as one valuable clue.		Arsenic content level in Somerton man is increasing during the last two week. At the tip of Somerton hair, the arsenic content is similar with control samples. That means this content level is not harmful for human. Besides, the living area of Somerton can be assumed as same as control samples. However, the arsenic level is significant high at his last few days and the arsenic can be used for making toxicant. So, changing living area or being poisoned should be considered. This comparison figure can be regarded as one valuable clue.
			=== Knowledge Gaps ===
	=== Quartz test data analysis ===		This project can generate several new clues for the case of Somerton man. Meanwhile, these new clues were confirmed by comparative analysis of elemental contents. New clues can provide more directions for the future research.
	==== Data screening ====		== Quartz test data analysis ==
			=== Data screening ===
	Compared with glass plate, quartz plate is more pure. So, some elements recorded in the glass experiment were not present in the quartz test and some elements have different relative atomic weight. The recorded 35 elements in quartz test are shown in Table 6.		Compared with glass plate, quartz plate is more pure. So, some elements recorded in the glass experiment were not present in the quartz test and some elements have different relative atomic weight. The recorded 35 elements in quartz test are shown in Table 6.
	[[File:code13.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 6 Recorded Elements on Quartz Test ]]		[[File:code13.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 6 Recorded Elements on Quartz Test ]]
	==== Data comparison figures ====		=== Data comparison figures ===
	All of the quartz data is recorded. In order to comparison, the data of element has been classified as four sets of data:		All of the quartz data is recorded. In order to comparison, the data of element has been classified as four sets of data:
	• Control sample hairs: Files name are Hair02-Hair08. For control hairs, it analyzed 2 sections of each hair, each 500um in length, so there are 0.7 centimeters control sample in total. The number of samples is seven, and each person takes two hairs as the two samples.		• Control sample hairs: Files name are Hair02-Hair08. For control hairs, it analyzed 2 sections of each hair, each 500um in length, so there are 0.7 centimeters control sample in total. The number of samples is seven, and each person takes two hairs as the two samples.
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	[[File:code30.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure 15 Comparison of the relative values of some elements in control hairs ]]		[[File:code30.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure 15 Comparison of the relative values of some elements in control hairs ]]
	For control hairs, two sections of each hair have been analysed. There are fourteen control hairs which are from seven persons. By comparing these 14 samples, it was found that there was a difference in the elemental content between the samples, especially the first control person’s hair. Figure 15 shows the relative value of the first sample is significantly higher than the other samples. These elements are Mg, Ca, K, Mn, Na, Li, Sr. In addition, by the analysis and comparison results of several previous graphs, the values of the elemental contents of this sample are similar to those of Somerton man. From this result it can be inferred that this control sample and Somerton man have similarities in the living environment or lifestyles.		For control hairs, two sections of each hair have been analysed. There are fourteen control hairs which are from seven persons. By comparing these 14 samples, it was found that there was a difference in the elemental content between the samples, especially the first control person’s hair. Figure 15 shows the relative value of the first sample is significantly higher than the other samples. These elements are Mg, Ca, K, Mn, Na, Li, Sr. In addition, by the analysis and comparison results of several previous graphs, the values of the elemental contents of this sample are similar to those of Somerton man. From this result it can be inferred that this control sample and Somerton man have similarities in the living environment or lifestyles.
	=== Two data comparison ===		== Two data comparison ==
	==== Two tests data comparison table ====		=== Two tests data comparison table ===
	In the glass plate test and the quartz plate test, 31 same elements were recorded and shown in table 7.		In the glass plate test and the quartz plate test, 31 same elements were recorded and shown in table 7.
	Table 7 the Same Elements in Two Data Sets		Table 7 the Same Elements in Two Data Sets
	[[File:code31.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 7 the Same Elements in Two Data Sets ]]		[[File:code31.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 7 the Same Elements in Two Data Sets ]]
	==== Comparison of Somerton man’s two hairs ====		=== Comparison of Somerton man’s two hairs ===
	In the last two chapters, we compare and analyze the differences between Somerton man and the control samples in the two experimental data. Next, the two experimental results of Somerton man's two hair data will be compared. We hope to compare the two groups of experimental data to find a same trend but different values data, and then multiply a constant number with one of the test data to obtain the other test data.		In the last two chapters, we compare and analyze the differences between Somerton man and the control samples in the two experimental data. Next, the two experimental results of Somerton man's two hair data will be compared. We hope to compare the two groups of experimental data to find a same trend but different values data, and then multiply a constant number with one of the test data to obtain the other test data.
	Figure 16 (a) Silicon (Si) value comparison in quartz test		Figure 16 (a) Silicon (Si) value comparison in quartz test

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	===Task 2 Mass Spectrometer isotope Data Analysis===		==Task 2 Mass Spectrometer isotope Data Analysis==
	===Relative research===		===Relative research===
	1.Hair elements		1.Hair elements
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	2.The relation between living environment and hair elements		2.The relation between living environment and hair elements
	The living environment can affect the content level of elements in human body. This effect not only caused by polluted water and food, but through the injury and radiation. Trace elements values in hair can reflect the source of behaviors including the diet hobbies, smoking and medication. Human absorbs pollution source by different ways such as oral, breath, injection and radiation. These contaminants stored in different body organs and tissues can affect human health. Hair is a good indicator of environment change. Normally, it shows the variation of trace element in human body as the hair growth.		The living environment can affect the content level of elements in human body. This effect not only caused by polluted water and food, but through the injury and radiation. Trace elements values in hair can reflect the source of behaviors including the diet hobbies, smoking and medication. Human absorbs pollution source by different ways such as oral, breath, injection and radiation. These contaminants stored in different body organs and tissues can affect human health. Hair is a good indicator of environment change. Normally, it shows the variation of trace element in human body as the hair growth.
	== Glass test data analysis ==		=== Glass test data analysis ===
	=== Data screening ===		==== Data screening ====
	The hair data was recorded by mass spectrometer and the data was got from glass test. There are 44 elements gained by laser ablation (shown in Table 1). Three of these elements are needed to be mentioned. The first one is sulphur (S7) which must exist in human’s hair. The value of Sulfer can be refered to the drift value of the environment. The second one is lead (Pb206), the high level of Lead is harmful for human health. The third one is strontium (Sr88). This element has high percentage in Adelaide’s soil compared with other areas. So, the analysis of the change tendency of Strontium’s value will provide useful information about Somerton man’s living environment before his death.		The hair data was recorded by mass spectrometer and the data was got from glass test. There are 44 elements gained by laser ablation (shown in Table 1). Three of these elements are needed to be mentioned. The first one is sulphur (S7) which must exist in human’s hair. The value of Sulfer can be refered to the drift value of the environment. The second one is lead (Pb206), the high level of Lead is harmful for human health. The third one is strontium (Sr88). This element has high percentage in Adelaide’s soil compared with other areas. So, the analysis of the change tendency of Strontium’s value will provide useful information about Somerton man’s living environment before his death.
	Table 1 Elements table for glass test		Table 1 Elements table for glass test

	[[File:code1.jpg\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 1 Elements table for glass test]]		[[File:code1.jpg\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 1 Elements table for glass test]]
	=== Element classification ===		==== Element classification ====
	Some recorded hair data contains toxic and heavy mental elements which are harmful for human health in high values. However, most are essential elements for human body. Table 2 shows the toxic elements and essential elements in hair. The comparison of toxic elements content in hair is an important research subject.		Some recorded hair data contains toxic and heavy mental elements which are harmful for human health in high values. However, most are essential elements for human body. Table 2 shows the toxic elements and essential elements in hair. The comparison of toxic elements content in hair is an important research subject.
	Table 2 the Different Type Elements of Hair		Table 2 the Different Type Elements of Hair
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	Table 3 The different Elements of Glass and Quartz		Table 3 The different Elements of Glass and Quartz
	[[File:somertontable3.png\|center\|Table 3 The different Elements of Glass and Quartz]]		[[File:somertontable3.png\|center\|Table 3 The different Elements of Glass and Quartz]]
	=== Element content comparison ===		==== Element content comparison ====
	In order to speculate the cause of death and living environment, the Somerton man hair data should be compared with control samples. In this experiment, six normal people’s hairs are selected as control samples. Then, the mass hair data is disposed by software for a visual comparison.		In order to speculate the cause of death and living environment, the Somerton man hair data should be compared with control samples. In this experiment, six normal people’s hairs are selected as control samples. Then, the mass hair data is disposed by software for a visual comparison.
	~~====~~ Excel ~~====~~		Excel
	At first, the hair data of Somerton man was plotted by Excel (shown in Figure 1). The X axis demonstrates the scan time of mass spectrometer. The Y axis demonstrates the relative value of elements content.		At first, the hair data of Somerton man was plotted by Excel (shown in Figure 1). The X axis demonstrates the scan time of mass spectrometer. The Y axis demonstrates the relative value of elements content.
	Figure 1 Somerton man’s hair data		Figure 1 Somerton man’s hair data
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	However, only 28 elements were shown on the chart. Some data was missing due to the shortage of Excel. Besides, most elements are not clear except sodium (Na23). Some traces are out of range and not obvious, such as the elements located on the bottom of this chart. So, these troubles result in the difficulties of contrast.		However, only 28 elements were shown on the chart. Some data was missing due to the shortage of Excel. Besides, most elements are not clear except sodium (Na23). Some traces are out of range and not obvious, such as the elements located on the bottom of this chart. So, these troubles result in the difficulties of contrast.
	The control samples hair data plotted by Excel (shown on appendix A) as well. Unfortunately, they all have the shortages as the Somerton man’s data chart.		The control samples hair data plotted by Excel (shown on appendix A) as well. Unfortunately, they all have the shortages as the Somerton man’s data chart.
	~~====~~ Matlab ~~====~~		Matlab
	In order to solve these problems, Matlab can be used to plot each element’s content distribution. 44 elements comparison figures have been plotted and shown on appendix A. Some comparison figures of element value display the results clearly. However, some figures have difficulties to find the tendency. The elements figures’ classification is shown on table 4.		In order to solve these problems, Matlab can be used to plot each element’s content distribution. 44 elements comparison figures have been plotted and shown on appendix A. Some comparison figures of element value display the results clearly. However, some figures have difficulties to find the tendency. The elements figures’ classification is shown on table 4.
	Table 4 Classify elements by comparison results		Table 4 Classify elements by comparison results
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	[[File:code8.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure 4 Strontium (Sr88) Value Comparison]]		[[File:code8.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure 4 Strontium (Sr88) Value Comparison]]
	The X axis demonstrates the scan time of mass spectrometer. The Y axis demonstrates the relative value of strontium content. Strontium exists in mineral water. It is an essential element for human. This element can prevent hardening of the arteries. At the root of Somerton man hair, the content of strontium is significant high. This means the living area for Somerton man contains high level of strontium content before his death. In addition, the strontium value shows an increasing tendency in his last two weeks. However, strontium is not a toxic element and the increasing tendency is not the cause for the death of Somerton man. Reasonable inference is that the Somerton man changes living environment two weeks before the death and this is the same with the speculation for lead content change.		The X axis demonstrates the scan time of mass spectrometer. The Y axis demonstrates the relative value of strontium content. Strontium exists in mineral water. It is an essential element for human. This element can prevent hardening of the arteries. At the root of Somerton man hair, the content of strontium is significant high. This means the living area for Somerton man contains high level of strontium content before his death. In addition, the strontium value shows an increasing tendency in his last two weeks. However, strontium is not a toxic element and the increasing tendency is not the cause for the death of Somerton man. Reasonable inference is that the Somerton man changes living environment two weeks before the death and this is the same with the speculation for lead content change.
	~~====~~ Moving-average Filter in Matlab ~~====~~		Moving-average Filter in Matlab
	Some comparison figures cannot be shown clearly by Matlab plotting. Thus, the Moving-average Filter should be applied. Firstly, selecting a window size for Filter. Then, calculating the arithmetic average of outliers within the window and make the average of the demand as outlier’s window centre point. After that, moving the window as window size and the average method is repeated until this process is complete. This method has a good inhibitory effect on periodic disturbance and makes the figure smoother. It is suitable for high frequency oscillation system.		Some comparison figures cannot be shown clearly by Matlab plotting. Thus, the Moving-average Filter should be applied. Firstly, selecting a window size for Filter. Then, calculating the arithmetic average of outliers within the window and make the average of the demand as outlier’s window centre point. After that, moving the window as window size and the average method is repeated until this process is complete. This method has a good inhibitory effect on periodic disturbance and makes the figure smoother. It is suitable for high frequency oscillation system.
	All of the elements content figures have been plotted by using moving-average filter and shown on appendix B. After using moving-average filter, the comparison figures have some new founds, such that more similar tendency elements are found and some clear comparison figures have been shown. The details are shown on table 5.		All of the elements content figures have been plotted by using moving-average filter and shown on appendix B. After using moving-average filter, the comparison figures have some new founds, such that more similar tendency elements are found and some clear comparison figures have been shown. The details are shown on table 5.
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	[[File:code12.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure7 Arsenic (As75) Value Comparison ]]		[[File:code12.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure7 Arsenic (As75) Value Comparison ]]
	Arsenic content level in Somerton man is increasing during the last two week. At the tip of Somerton hair, the arsenic content is similar with control samples. That means this content level is not harmful for human. Besides, the living area of Somerton can be assumed as same as control samples. However, the arsenic level is significant high at his last few days and the arsenic can be used for making toxicant. So, changing living area or being poisoned should be considered. This comparison figure can be regarded as one valuable clue.		Arsenic content level in Somerton man is increasing during the last two week. At the tip of Somerton hair, the arsenic content is similar with control samples. That means this content level is not harmful for human. Besides, the living area of Somerton can be assumed as same as control samples. However, the arsenic level is significant high at his last few days and the arsenic can be used for making toxicant. So, changing living area or being poisoned should be considered. This comparison figure can be regarded as one valuable clue.
	=~~== Knowledge Gaps ===~~
	This project can generate several new clues for the case of Somerton man. Meanwhile, these new clues were confirmed by comparative analysis of elemental contents. New clues can provide more directions for the future research.		=== Quartz test data analysis ===
	== Quartz test data analysis ==		==== Data screening ====
	=== Data screening ===
	Compared with glass plate, quartz plate is more pure. So, some elements recorded in the glass experiment were not present in the quartz test and some elements have different relative atomic weight. The recorded 35 elements in quartz test are shown in Table 6.		Compared with glass plate, quartz plate is more pure. So, some elements recorded in the glass experiment were not present in the quartz test and some elements have different relative atomic weight. The recorded 35 elements in quartz test are shown in Table 6.
	[[File:code13.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 6 Recorded Elements on Quartz Test ]]		[[File:code13.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 6 Recorded Elements on Quartz Test ]]
	=== Data comparison figures ===		==== Data comparison figures ====
	All of the quartz data is recorded. In order to comparison, the data of element has been classified as four sets of data:		All of the quartz data is recorded. In order to comparison, the data of element has been classified as four sets of data:
	• Control sample hairs: Files name are Hair02-Hair08. For control hairs, it analyzed 2 sections of each hair, each 500um in length, so there are 0.7 centimeters control sample in total. The number of samples is seven, and each person takes two hairs as the two samples.		• Control sample hairs: Files name are Hair02-Hair08. For control hairs, it analyzed 2 sections of each hair, each 500um in length, so there are 0.7 centimeters control sample in total. The number of samples is seven, and each person takes two hairs as the two samples.
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	[[File:code30.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure 15 Comparison of the relative values of some elements in control hairs ]]		[[File:code30.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Figure 15 Comparison of the relative values of some elements in control hairs ]]
	For control hairs, two sections of each hair have been analysed. There are fourteen control hairs which are from seven persons. By comparing these 14 samples, it was found that there was a difference in the elemental content between the samples, especially the first control person’s hair. Figure 15 shows the relative value of the first sample is significantly higher than the other samples. These elements are Mg, Ca, K, Mn, Na, Li, Sr. In addition, by the analysis and comparison results of several previous graphs, the values of the elemental contents of this sample are similar to those of Somerton man. From this result it can be inferred that this control sample and Somerton man have similarities in the living environment or lifestyles.		For control hairs, two sections of each hair have been analysed. There are fourteen control hairs which are from seven persons. By comparing these 14 samples, it was found that there was a difference in the elemental content between the samples, especially the first control person’s hair. Figure 15 shows the relative value of the first sample is significantly higher than the other samples. These elements are Mg, Ca, K, Mn, Na, Li, Sr. In addition, by the analysis and comparison results of several previous graphs, the values of the elemental contents of this sample are similar to those of Somerton man. From this result it can be inferred that this control sample and Somerton man have similarities in the living environment or lifestyles.
	== Two data comparison ==		=== Two data comparison ===
	=== Two tests data comparison table ===		==== Two tests data comparison table ====
	In the glass plate test and the quartz plate test, 31 same elements were recorded and shown in table 7.		In the glass plate test and the quartz plate test, 31 same elements were recorded and shown in table 7.
	Table 7 the Same Elements in Two Data Sets		Table 7 the Same Elements in Two Data Sets
	[[File:code31.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 7 the Same Elements in Two Data Sets ]]		[[File:code31.png\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Table 7 the Same Elements in Two Data Sets ]]
	=== Comparison of Somerton man’s two hairs ===		==== Comparison of Somerton man’s two hairs ====
	In the last two chapters, we compare and analyze the differences between Somerton man and the control samples in the two experimental data. Next, the two experimental results of Somerton man's two hair data will be compared. We hope to compare the two groups of experimental data to find a same trend but different values data, and then multiply a constant number with one of the test data to obtain the other test data.		In the last two chapters, we compare and analyze the differences between Somerton man and the control samples in the two experimental data. Next, the two experimental results of Somerton man's two hair data will be compared. We hope to compare the two groups of experimental data to find a same trend but different values data, and then multiply a constant number with one of the test data to obtain the other test data.
	Figure 16 (a) Silicon (Si) value comparison in quartz test		Figure 16 (a) Silicon (Si) value comparison in quartz test

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:04, 21 October 2015
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	the range of “very un-likely observations”. This indicates our assumption is wrong		the range of “very un-likely observations”. This indicates our assumption is wrong
	and that English was the language in the original message <ref>G G. L et al., “What is the Value of a p Value?,” The Annals of Thoracic		and that English was the language in the original message <ref>G G. L et al., “What is the Value of a p Value?,” The Annals of Thoracic
	Surgery, Vol.87(5), pp.1337-1343 2009.</ref>		Surgery, Vol.87(5), pp.1337-1343 2009.</ref>.

	[[File: Technical_Background_P-value.png \|thumb\|700px\|centre\|'''Fig. 3:''' Example of a ''p-value'' computation <ref>No Author.p-value [online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P- value#cite_note-nature506-1</ref>]]		[[File: Technical_Background_P-value.png \|thumb\|700px\|centre\|'''Fig. 3:''' Example of a ''p-value'' computation <ref>No Author.p-value [online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P- value#cite_note-nature506-1</ref>]]
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	articles or books. If the elements are words, n-grams may also be called shingles		articles or books. If the elements are words, n-grams may also be called shingles
	<ref> A. Z Broder et al., “Syntactic clustering of the web”. Computer Networks and		<ref> A. Z Broder et al., “Syntactic clustering of the web”. Computer Networks and
	ISDN Systems 29 (8), pp.1157–1166. </ref>		ISDN Systems 29 (8), pp.1157–1166. </ref>.

	Size n=1 of the ''n-gram model'' is called a "unigram", size 2=2 of the ''n-gram model'' is called a "bigram", size n=23 of the ''n-gram mode''l is called a "trigram", and so on.		Size n=1 of the ''n-gram model'' is called a "unigram", size 2=2 of the ''n-gram model'' is called a "bigram", size n=23 of the ''n-gram mode''l is called a "trigram", and so on.
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	====Method====		====Method====
	Before commencing Task 3, we had to choose a computer programming language to implement the code. My first attempt was to use Java, because this language was used by all previous groups to implement for their work. I tried to reuse the base code from previous groups and extend it to satisfy our Task 3 requirements, however, the aim of 2013 was significantly different to ours, so there were not too many similar points in the code. On the other hand, I am not good at Java language because I never ~~learnt~~ it before. My second attempt was to use the C and C++ language to implement the code. I completed some functions for the code, but there was a problem in loading text files. Because we used the ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'' as a ''one-time pad'', we were trying to translate the ''Rubaiyat'' into a text file so that we were able to run the code and search for words in the ''Rubaiyat''. C++ is an old programming language and the process of loading data was too complex. I decided to give up this method. My final attempt was to use MATLAB, it is a relatively new programming language, and loading text files is relatively simple. In addition, I have studied MATLAB in previous university courses and find it easier to use. Finally, I chose MATLAB as the programming language to implement language for Task 3.		Before commencing Task 3, we had to choose a computer programming language to implement the code. My first attempt was to use Java, because this language was used by all previous groups to implement for their work. I tried to reuse the base code from previous groups and extend it to satisfy our Task 3 requirements, however, the aim of 2013 was significantly different to ours, so there were not too many similar points in the code. On the other hand, I am not good at Java language because I never learned it before. My second attempt was to use the C and C++ language to implement the code. I completed some functions for the code, but there was a problem in loading text files. Because we used the ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'' as a ''one-time pad'', we were trying to translate the ''Rubaiyat'' into a text file so that we were able to run the code and search for words in the ''Rubaiyat''. C++ is an old programming language and the process of loading data was too complex. I decided to give up this method. My final attempt was to use MATLAB, it is a relatively new programming language, and loading text files is relatively simple. In addition, I have studied MATLAB in previous university courses and find it easier to use. Finally, I chose MATLAB as the programming language to implement language for Task 3.

	The direct substitution of the letters in the pad was to be used. For instance, if we chose a line: MRGOABABD, from the Somerton Man code as the encoded message, the first letter of the code is to be used, which is an M. The program was then to search the ''Rubaiyat'' from beginning to end, until it finds the first word that begins with M. This was then to be decoded to the second letter in the same word. This process was then to be repeated for the second letter in the code, being R. It was to find the first word in the ''Rubaiyat'' that starts with R, and decodes it to the second letter in that word. This method was then to be repeated until there were too few words long enough to decode all of the letters in the code. After this point, one final decode was to be attempted, where rather than using letter position, the last letter of each word was to be used. The output of the software was to be possible words or phrases made up of letter substitutions in place of the letters in the Somerton Man code.		The direct substitution of the letters in the pad was to be used. For instance, if we chose a line: MRGOABABD, from the Somerton Man code as the encoded message, the first letter of the code is to be used, which is an M. The program was then to search the ''Rubaiyat'' from beginning to end, until it finds the first word that begins with M. This was then to be decoded to the second letter in the same word. This process was then to be repeated for the second letter in the code, being R. It was to find the first word in the ''Rubaiyat'' that starts with R, and decodes it to the second letter in that word. This method was then to be repeated until there were too few words long enough to decode all of the letters in the code. After this point, one final decode was to be attempted, where rather than using letter position, the last letter of each word was to be used. The output of the software was to be possible words or phrases made up of letter substitutions in place of the letters in the Somerton Man code.
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	===Risk Analysis===		===Risk Analysis===
	A risk assessment was undertaken for this project to include risk identification, analysis, evaluation and treatment strategies using the Adelaide University risk matrix procedure ~~[34]~~<ref>No Author. RISK MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK [online]. Available: http://www.adelaide.edu.au/legalandrisk/docs/resources/Risk_Management_Handbook.pdf</ref>. This can be seen in Figure 47. One of the risks that occurred during the project was the inaccurate estimation of time and resources. This occurred since the group and supervisors were unhappy with the results obtained from the initial analysis of letter frequency performed in Task 1. This was rectified by implementing the flexibility of our schedule and by replacing the initially proposed Task 4: Mass Spectrometer Data Analysis, with a new Task 4: Statistical Frequency of Letters Reanalysis. Another risk that occurred throughout the project was Illness. This was able to be dealt with relatively easily through working from home for a short period of time. The minor misunderstanding of project tasks occurred on a few occasions, but these were clarified through scheduling meetings with group members and supervisors. Bugs in code were reduced to the best of our ability through thorough testing and debugging of code. Finally, the inability to decipher the Somerton Man Code was a risk estimated with an almost certain likelihood. Despite being unable to avoid this risk throughout the project, its effects were considered negligible, and the group was still able to complete all work to the best of its ability, and further the research into the decryption of the code for not only future honours groups, but also the wider community through publishing our results on our Wiki.		A risk assessment was undertaken for this project to include risk identification, analysis, evaluation and treatment strategies using the Adelaide University risk matrix procedure <ref>No Author. RISK MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK [online]. Available: http://www.adelaide.edu.au/legalandrisk/docs/resources/Risk_Management_Handbook.pdf</ref>. This can be seen in Figure 47. One of the risks that occurred during the project was the inaccurate estimation of time and resources. This occurred since the group and supervisors were unhappy with the results obtained from the initial analysis of letter frequency performed in Task 1. This was rectified by implementing the flexibility of our schedule and by replacing the initially proposed Task 4: Mass Spectrometer Data Analysis, with a new Task 4: Statistical Frequency of Letters Reanalysis. Another risk that occurred throughout the project was Illness. This was able to be dealt with relatively easily through working from home for a short period of time. The minor misunderstanding of project tasks occurred on a few occasions, but these were clarified through scheduling meetings with group members and supervisors. Bugs in code were reduced to the best of our ability through thorough testing and debugging of code. Finally, the inability to decipher the Somerton Man Code was a risk estimated with an almost certain likelihood. Despite being unable to avoid this risk throughout the project, its effects were considered negligible, and the group was still able to complete all work to the best of its ability, and further the research into the decryption of the code for not only future honours groups, but also the wider community through publishing our results on our Wiki.

	[[File:Risk_Assessment_Final.png\|thumb\|500px\|centre\|'''Fig. 47:''' Table of Risk Assessment]]		[[File:Risk_Assessment_Final.png\|thumb\|500px\|centre\|'''Fig. 47:''' Table of Risk Assessment]]